What are the main contraceptive methods?

Contraceptive methods are designed to prevent pregnancy by either preventing the sperm from reaching the egg, altering the hormonal balance to prevent ovulation, or changing the environment of the uterus to make it inhospitable for implantation. Here are the main categories and examples of contraceptive methods:

Barrier Methods

These physically block sperm from entering the uterus.

- Condoms (Male and Female): Sheaths made of latex, polyurethane, or polyisoprene designed to cover the penis or line the vagina during sexual intercourse.

- Diaphragms and Cervical Caps: Dome-shaped devices inserted into the vagina to cover the cervix.

- Spermicides: Chemicals that kill sperm, available as gels, foams, or suppositories.

Hormonal Methods

These prevent ovulation, thicken cervical mucus to block sperm, and thin the uterine lining to prevent implantation.

- Oral Contraceptive Pills: Daily pills containing estrogen and progestin, or progestin-only.

- Contraceptive Patch: A skin patch that releases hormones through the skin.

- Vaginal Ring: A flexible ring inserted into the vagina monthly that releases hormones.

- Injectable Contraceptives: Hormonal injections given every three months.

- Implantable Devices: Small rods inserted under the skin of the arm that release hormones.

Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)

Small devices inserted into the uterus. There are two types:

- Copper IUDs: Release copper to create an inhospitable environment for sperm.

- Hormonal IUDs: Release progestin to thicken cervical mucus and thin the uterine lining.

Emergency Contraception

Used after unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy.

- Emergency Contraceptive Pills (ECPs): High-dose progestin pills or a specific regimen of certain combined oral contraceptives taken within 72 hours (some up to 5 days) after unprotected intercourse.

- Copper IUD: Can be inserted up to 5 days after unprotected intercourse as an emergency contraceptive method.

Natural Methods

Rely on avoiding intercourse during the fertile period of the menstrual cycle or withdrawing before ejaculation.

- Fertility Awareness-Based Methods: Monitoring fertility signals such as basal body temperature, cervical mucus, or menstrual cycle to estimate fertile days.

- Withdrawal (Pull-Out Method): Withdrawing the penis from the vagina before ejaculation.

Sterilization

Permanent methods of contraception.

- Tubal Ligation: Surgical procedure for women that closes or blocks the fallopian tubes.

- Vasectomy: Surgical procedure for men that cuts and seals the tubes that carry sperm.

Each contraceptive method has its advantages, disadvantages, effectiveness rates, and potential side effects. The choice of contraception depends on individual health, convenience, cost, and personal preference. It's essential to consult with a healthcare provider to discuss the most suitable contraceptive method based on individual needs and lifestyle.